Imaging Technology and the Philosophy of Causality

Russo and Williamson (2007) put forward the thesis that, at least in the health sciences, to establish the claim that C is a cause of E one normally needs evidence of an underlying mechanism linking C and E as well as evidence that C makes a difference to E. This epistemological thesis poses a problem for most current analyses of causality which, in virtue of analysing causality in terms of just one of mechanisms or difference making, cannot account for the need for the other kind of evidence. Weber (2009) has suggested to the contrary that Giere’s probabilistic analysis of causality survives this criticism. In this paper we look in detail at the case of medical imaging technology, which, we argue, supports the thesis of Russo and Williamson (2007), and we respond to Weber’s suggestion, arguing that Giere’s account does not survive the criticism.